One morning in May, an almost 2-year-old with dark-blond hair named Marin arrived at “school” around 8:30 a.m., a shiny unicorn-shaped backpack on her tiny shoulders. She wore the disgruntled expression of someone whose morning had gotten off to a bad start. In Marin’s case, that was because of an “accident” she had had on the way to school—an accident that now meant changing out of one of her favorite pairs of pants into leopard-print leggings she didn’t like nearly so well.
Marin’s crankiness perturbed no one at her school, the early childhood program of the century-old Bank Street College of Education on Manhattan’s Upper West Side, called the Family Center. Respecting the emotional ebbs and flows of even its youngest of learners is a crucial component of the center’s distinctive approach. Unlike far too many child care centers across the country, the Family Center treats its charges like serious learners while also respecting the fact that they are still young enough to wet their pants on occasion.
“I probably wouldn’t have enrolled her in any other school,” says Marin’s mother, Gabrielle Felman. “She is excited to go to school, and she is growing so much.”
In the wildly diverse landscape of American programs for toddlers, the Family Center stands out as a model: informed by research, dedicated to hiring trained instructors, designed to be as flexible as possible in adapting to the needs of individual children. “Programs like this are still rare in the U.S.,” says Ruby Takanishi, author and former president and CEO of the Foundation for Child Development, a New York–based philanthropy supporting high-quality early education. (Takanishi worked at Bank Street in the 1970s but not at the Family Center.) Their strongest point, Takanishi says, is that they understand their young charges are at vastly different stages in their intellectual, emotional, and physical development, and work hard to meet each child where they are: “They don’t assume everybody is the same.”
With children this young, you can’t. The Family Center enrolls about 60 children from six months to 5 years of age, a quarter of whom, like Marin, are about 2. Classes are divided into two mixed-age groups: one set includes children 6 months to almost 3 years, and the other focuses on the 3, 4 and 5-year-olds.
Founded in Manhattan’s Greenwich Village, Bank Street was conceived as a laboratory to find the ideal environment for children to learn. Although Bank Street has since migrated uptown, it maintains its original mission. In addition to an elementary program and the Family Center, it hosts a graduate school that trains adults to become teachers.
“We take them seriously.”
Another cornerstone of Bank Street’s philosophy is that for toddlers, even the most minor interactions represent a crucial part of the learning process in their rapidly developing brains. Constant communication is key: The teachers announce the various phases of the morning’s activities a few minutes ahead of time, including free play, snack time, and circle time. “We take them seriously,” says Channing Edson, the head teacher in Marin’s classroom. In a country where even some of the most well-intentioned—and expensive—child care facilities fail to adapt their approach to the unique needs of their young students, Bank Street’s Family Center offers a glimpse of what’s possible for an educationally focused program with will, training, and resources. And it has the resources—a spot in the center comes at an annual tuition of $44,185. Though it offered $270,000 in financial aid this school year, there are still families who don’t get the help they need, and the school struggles with socio-economic diversity. (This school year, 14 out of 60 children received some amount of financial aid.)
Still, it’s an interesting window into how money can be best spent. We made two visits to the Family Center in late spring and interviewed parents and teachers alike. We identified five central parts of the program’s approach that help it excel and could be used to improve early learning in programs around the country.
1. Hiring Qualified and Trained Teachers
By almost any point of comparison, Bank Street pays its teachers well. The head teachers who anchor each classroom make more than $60,000, although school officials declined to provide additional specifics. By contrast, Early Head Start teachers rarely make much more than $25,000 a year, according to experts and a report showing their hourly wages. “We believe strongly in the importance of compensating teachers for the education and skills they bring to their critical role,” says Jeannette Corey, the program’s director.
At the Family Center, every head teacher must have at least a master’s degree in early childhood education, whereas assistant teachers need at least a bachelor’s degree in a related field. By contrast, Early Head Start teachers do not even have to have a bachelor’s degree, and the standards for caregivers at scores of unaffiliated day care centers across the country are typically low—with just a high school diploma and some short training courses considered sufficient.
Each of the Family Center’s infant-toddler classrooms has three or four adults for an average of 10 children (some kids are enrolled just part time). Besides the head and assistant teachers trained at Bank Street, there are typically aides and interns, some of them working toward degrees in early childhood education, who provide support.
Channing Edson said her extensive training included spending a year as a student-teacher, during which she had weekly meetings with fellow trainees and faculty members to share their experiences in the classroom, reflect, and solicit feedback. “It was a powerful therapy,” she says.
During years of training, Edson took courses on variations in the way young children develop. The focus was on both theory and hands-on implementation. She learned, for instance, that a game as simple as peekaboo can provide important learning opportunities when teachers use it to explore the concepts of going away, coming back, and the typically temporary nature of separation. Edson is now continuing her studies, pursuing her master’s degree in child care center administration at Bank Street.
At the Family Center, each child is paired with one staff member who becomes her main point of contact until the end of the program. If a child has a meltdown, this person might be called to help calm her down. This is definitely a role that Edson has played for Marin from time to time—comforting her when her mom leaves in the morning, for instance. “Decades of research show that children develop best when they develop a trust,” said Takanishi.
It also helps cut down on the crying quotient in the room—at least sometimes.
2. Emphasizing Learning Through Play
When Marin entered the classroom the May morning that I observed, she encountered a tub full of thick grass, colorful plastic bugs, herbs, and fresh flowers. There were also teddy bears, dolls, books, a stethoscope, empty cans, cubes, and a roll of tape. Part of the Family Center’s core pedagogical philosophy is that young children learn mostly through play and experimentation rather than formal instruction—and that it’s best when that learning takes place with real-world action rather than through a television or iPad.
$60,000 or more – amount a Bank Street head teacher makes (about twice what an Early Head Start teacher makes)
The most everyday objects can become fodder for learning. Empty chickpea cans become drums and a way to discover the sounds made by an empty object. A roll of tape can become a way to learn the difference between sticky and smooth, and how to keep hands clean. Marin played that morning with a handful of paper tissues, using them to wipe dolls and clean plates. While playing “house,” she learns new shapes and how to use her imagination, transforming a block into a phone, or a stick into a fork or spoon.
Observing Bank Street’s rather Spartan classroom setting, it’s clear that free play time doesn’t mean leaving toddlers alone with a monstrous stack of toys. The environment is set up intentionally, with a range of interesting objects for the students to discover, some of which rotate out on a seasonal basis. For instance, there’s a homemade interactive “sounds” panel, built with a metal pencil holder and two maracas among other objects. Nearly everything must serve an educational as well as a “fun” purpose.
Teachers serve as facilitators and guides for the children in their explorations, helping to ensure that they glean the most from their playtime and don’t sit idle for too long. The staff members intervene and propose activities when a child looks bored or needs to be distracted. “Want to learn with me the names of insects? Look at this grasshopper,” said a teacher the morning I observed, handing a plastic insect to a toddler whose father was leaving the room. At more poorly resourced centers that can’t afford to hire enough support staff—much less trained support staff—such interactions might fall by the wayside.
In recent years, some preschools have shifted away from play-based activities in an effort to emphasize formal academic instruction, partly in response to fears—from parents and educators—that kids won’t be ready for kindergarten. But especially for toddlers, according to experts, learning should be embedded into the play activities. Otherwise, it’s akin to handing a child a book without taking the time to teach her how to read.
3. Explaining Absolutely Everything
The Family Center teachers seem never to stop talking. That’s by design.
“Now I am moving this chair so you can sit safely,” an assistant teacher tells Marin while helping her join classmates at one of the tables. A sentence like this might seem simple, but it’s doing a lot educationally for 2-year-olds: providing instructions, stressing the importance of safety, making a distinction between you and me, and helping teach vocabulary. An instructor without this training might have simply said, “Sit down,” motioning at one of the chairs. At the Family Center, they narrate meal preparation, diaper changes, transitions, and more.
Adults’ conversation can teach toddlers that they have a voice, too. “You can say, ‘I need space,’ ” said a teacher to a child who appeared uncomfortable with two classmates playing too close by.
“Decades of research show that children develop best when they develop a trust [with an adult].”
Marin didn’t say much that morning beyond an occasional word or phrase. “Off,” she declared at snack time, for instance, pointing to the paper wrap for her blueberry muffin and looking at a teacher. But she is an attentive observer, and it was clear she was listening and taking in words.
Her mother sometimes sees the evidence of all this learning at home when Marin, trying to avoid bedtime, declares: “I like to wake up, Mommy!” Or, when riding in the car with her parents from Brooklyn to the Upper West Side, the child expresses her desire to see the Hudson River with a polite, “River, please.”
Marin goes to the center three days a week, and her mother works there four. Like roughly 25 percent of the center’s families, Felman is employed by Bank Street, where she works as a special education teacher. She also offers parent and child playgroups for families who want guidance on how to teach children through play. If Marin weren’t enrolled at Bank Street, she probably would have stayed home with the nanny who took care of her for the first 16 months of her life (and still does one day a week).
4. Teaching Kids How to Play With Others
Two-year-olds are famous—or infamous—for what’s known as “parallel play”: staying in their own little universes even as they play side by side. But this activity isn’t as solitary as it may seem. Parallel play is in fact the first form of social interaction for toddlers. By playing next to each other, children see what others are doing from a “safe” distance, and when they’re comfortable enough, they begin socializing more directly. Teachers at the Family Center try to draw out their budding social natures whenever possible. They suggest that the children interact by exchanging objects or helping each other. They also teach them how to express themselves in front of the other children as well as how to encourage others.
For example, every morning during the circle time, teachers invite each child to dance, each kid choosing whether to accept. Charlotte, who turned 3 in mid-April and has been in the same class since she was 6 months old, is the first to be called. She accepts and dances while her teachers and friends sing: “Children, there is a friend that we all know, Charlotte is her name. Charlotte get up and dance, Charlotte get up and dance. Charlotte and Charlotte is her name.” Today, Marin is the only one who doesn’t feel like dancing, but she offers her teddy bear as a proxy, holding him by the paws while he dances on her behalf.
At the Family Center, the older children are encouraged to take care of the younger ones. Charlotte is clearly aware of her responsibilities as one of the older children in her class and doesn’t refrain from helping the little ones sit in their chairs, making sure that their belt buckles are locked when needed. The morning that I observed, Charlotte prepared an entire pot of imaginary Nutella for a younger friend and gave Marin a puppet. The kind gesture made Marin laugh aloud in an explosion of joy. The “accident” of the morning had become a distant memory.
5. Fostering Strong Relationships With Families
Like the majority of high-quality child care centers, Bank Street communicates regularly with all parents about their children’s progress—or meltdowns. They try to provide parents with as much detail as possible about different activities so that they will know enough to ask things like, “What song did you dance to today?” The center used to communicate primarily through handwritten notes but is now developing an app that allows them to share comments, photos, and videos, and preserve the memory of special occasions, like the day Marin turned 2 and her mom helped her blow out the cake candles during snack time.
Some of what Bank Street does is inaccessible to the average child care center, which has nowhere near the resources and qualified staff at its disposal. Cash-strapped centers, for example, can’t just suddenly start requiring that their staffers hold advanced degrees. But there are also parts of the Family Center’s philosophy that can provide guidance to any child care center—indeed, there are likely parts that already do. Centers should be deeply educational, and even the youngest children are capable of tremendous learning. Classroom setups that gently encourage self-directed play could help prompt changes throughout the industry. Forming strong bonds with parents and making sure there’s open communication about progress can also help. Constant narration may feel overzealous, but it’s a step anyone can take to improve the learning.
Historically speaking, child care programs and educational preschools have not been considered as the same thing. The former had been conceived in order to give working moms a safe place to leave their children, even all day, but they did not often focus on an educational purpose. The latter, particularly when they serve children under the age of 3, are too often luxury goods accessible mostly to those with considerable financial resources. By combining the ethos of both, we can work to build a better system for every 2-year-old.
This story was produced by the Teacher Project, an education reporting fellowship at Columbia Journalism School dedicated to elevating the voices of students and teachers.
*Correction: The original version of this story misstated information about the Family Center. The center serves children from six months to five years of age. It has always been housed on the uptown campus of Bank Street. In addition, the parent workshops held at the Family Center are offered independently of the center’s main programming, and typically do not serve families with children enrolled there.